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Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence in 1991 from the USSR. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997, and implemented in 2000. The central government's less than total control over some areas of the country has forced it to compromise and forge alliances among factions. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term. Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace.

Contents 1 Geography 2 People 3 Government 4 Economy 5 Communications 6 Transportation 7 Military 8 Transnational Issues

Geography

Location 

Central Asia, west of China

Geographic coordinates 

39 00 N, 71 00 E

Map references 

Asia

Area 

total: 143,100 sq km
water: 400 sq km
land: 142,700 sq km

Area - comparative 

slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Land boundaries 

total: 3,651 km
border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Coastline 

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims 

none (landlocked)

Climate 

midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Terrain 

Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest

Elevation extremes 

lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m

Natural resources 

hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold

Land use 

arable land: 5.41%
permanent crops: 0.92%
other: 93.67% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land 

7,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards 

earthquakes and floods

Environment - current issues 

inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Environment - international agreements 

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note 

landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR

People

Population 

6,719,567 (July 2002 est.)

Age structure 

0-14 years: 40.4% (male 1,370,314; female 1,346,465)
15-64 years: 54.9% (male 1,835,573; female 1,854,677)
65 years and over: 4.7% (male 136,033; female 176,505) (2002 est.)

Population growth rate 

2.12% (2002 est.)

Birth rate 

32.99 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate 

8.51 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Net migration rate 

-3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Sex ratio 

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Infant mortality rate 

114.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth 

total population: 64.28 years
female: 67.46 years (2002 est.)
male: 61.24 years

Total fertility rate 

4.23 children born/woman (2002 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate 

less than 0.01% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS 

less than 100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths 

less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality 

noun: Tajikistani(s)
adjective: Tajikistani

Ethnic groups 

Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6%

Religions 

Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%

Languages 

Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Literacy 

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 97% (1989 est.)

Government

Country name 

conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form: Tajikistan
local short form: Tojikiston
former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston

Government type 

republic

Capital 

Dushanbe

Administrative divisions 

2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand)
note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses

Independence 

9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday 

Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)

Constitution 

6 November 1994

Legal system 

based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage 

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch 

chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly
election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

Legislative branch 

bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve five-year terms)
election results: Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 65%, Communist Party 20%, Islamic Rebirth Party 7.5%, other 7.5%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
elections: last held 27 February and 12 March 2000 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held NA 2005) and 23 March 2000 for the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005)

Judicial branch 

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders 

Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman]; Islamic Revival Party [Said Abdullo NURI, chairman]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Sherali KENJAYEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Political pressure groups and leaders 

there are two unregistered political parties with 1,000 or more members: Progressive Party [Suton QUVVATOV]; Unity Party [Hikmatuko SAIDOV]

International organization participation 

AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM, ITU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US 

Tajikistan does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a permanent mission to the UN: address - 136 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, telephone - [1] (212) 472-7645, FAX - [1] (212) 628-0252; permanent representative to the UN is Khamrokhon ZARIPOV

Diplomatic representation from the US 

chief of mission: Ambassador Franklin P. HUDDLE, Jr.
embassy: 10 Pavlova Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734003; note - the embassy in Dushanbe is not yet fully operational; most business is still handled in Almaty at 531 Sayfullin Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, telephone 7-3272-58-79-61, FAX 7-3272-58079-68
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [992] (372) 21-03-48, 21-03-50, 21-03-52, 24-15-60
FAX: [992] (372) 51-00-28, 21-03-62

Flag description 

three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Economy

Economy - overview 

Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the 15 former Soviet republics. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Even though 80% of its people continue to live in abject poverty, Tajikistan has experienced strong economic growth since 1997. Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises will further increase productivity. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, and the external debt burden. Servicing of the debt, owed principally to Russia and Uzbekistan, could require as much as 50% of government revenues in 2002, thus limiting the nation's ability to meet pressing development needs.

GDP 

purchasing power parity - $7.5 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate 

8.3% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita 

purchasing power parity - $1,140 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector 

agriculture: 19%
industry: 25%
services: 56% (2000)

Population below poverty line 

80% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share 

lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 

33% (2001 est.)

Labor force 

3.187 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation 

agriculture 67%, industry 8%, services 25% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate 

20% (2001 est.)

Budget 

revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $196 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) (2000 est.)

Industries 

aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers

Industrial production growth rate 

10.3% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production 

14.245 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - production by source 

fossil fuel: 2%
hydro: 98%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0%

Electricity - consumption 

12.539 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - exports 

3.909 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - imports 

3.2 billion kWh (2000)

Agriculture - products 

cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Exports 

$640 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Exports - commodities 

aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles

Exports - partners 

Europe 43%, Russia 30%, Uzbekistan 13% (2000)

Imports 

$700 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Imports - commodities 

electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs

Imports - partners 

Uzbekistan 27%, Russia 16%, Europe 12% (2000)

Debt - external 

$1.23 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient 

$60.7 million from US (2001)

Currency 

somoni

Currency code 

TJS

Exchange rates 

Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.55 (January 2002), 2.2 (January 2001), 1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284 (January 1996)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000, with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Fiscal year 

calendar year

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use 

363,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular 

2,500 (1997)

Telephone system 

general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network
domestic: cable and microwave radio relay
international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations 

AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002)

Radios 

1.291 million (1991)

Television broadcast stations 

13 (2001)

Televisions 

820,000 (1997)

Internet country code 

.tj

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 

4 (2002)

Internet users 

5,000 (2002)

Transportation

Railways 

total: 482 km
broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge
note: includes only lines in common carrier service; lines dedicated to particular industries are excluded (2001)

Highways 

total: 29,900 km
paved: 21,400 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
unpaved: 8,500 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

Waterways 

none

Pipelines 

natural gas 400 km (1992)

Ports and harbors 

none

Airports 

53 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways 

total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2002)

Airports - with unpaved runways 

total: 51
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 36 (2002)

Military

Military branches 

Army, Air Force and Air Defense Force, Presidential National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Military manpower - military age 

18 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - availability 

males age 15-49: 1,646,278 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service 

males age 15-49: 1,349,505 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually 

males: 72,056 (2002 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure 

$35.4 million (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP 

3.9% (FY01)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international 

Uzbekistan has mined much of its undemarcated southern and eastern border with Tajikistan; border demarcation negotiations continuing with Kyrgyzstan in Isfara Valley area; Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan wrestle with sharing water resources and the resulting regional environmental degradation caused by the shrinking of the Aral Sea

Illicit drugs 

major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third world-wide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium)